Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

A thyroglossal duct cyst is a fluid-filled swelling in the neck that occurs when the pathway the thyroid gland takes during development in the womb does not close completely. Normally, this pathway, known as the thyroglossal duct, should disappear during embryonic development; however, sometimes this duct does not close entirely, leading to the formation of a cyst. People are typically born with this cyst as infants, but it is often noticed later.

This cyst is usually found in the exact center of the neck, particularly near the hyoid bone in the throat. It may not be noticeable at birth but can suddenly become apparent during childhood or adolescence, especially after an infection. Although it can be concerning for families, it is generally harmless. It is often painless, but it may cause discomfort if it grows. If infected, it can lead to symptoms such as redness, tenderness, and sometimes difficulty swallowing. A notable feature is that the cyst moves up and down when swallowing or moving the tongue.

Diagnosis and Treatment

In diagnosing a thyroglossal duct cyst, ultrasound is often sufficient. Ultrasound allows the doctor to examine the internal structure of the cyst to make a diagnosis. In some cases, additional imaging methods (such as MRI or CT) may be requested to evaluate the position of the thyroid gland or to rule out other conditions.

Treatment typically requires surgery. In a procedure called the “Sistrunk operation”, not only is the cyst removed, but the remnants of the duct where the cyst formed are also cleaned out. Additionally, to prevent recurrence, the middle part of the hyoid bone is removed. The surgery is performed under general anesthesia with a small incision made along the midline of the neck. The operation usually takes a short time, and serious side effects are not expected; however, there may be rare cases of saliva leakage from the neck after surgery.

If a swelling that moves in the center of the neck is noticed, it is important to see a doctor without delay. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment help prevent potential issues that may arise later, leading to a healthier life.