Salivary Gland Tumors

Salivary glands play a vital role in our digestive system. Located in various sizes across the mouth and throat, these glands are divided into two main groups:

1) Major Salivary Glands:

• Parotid Glands: The largest salivary glands, located in front of the ears on both sides of the face. Tumors most commonly occur here.
• Submandibular Glands: Found beneath the jaw, they produce a significant portion of saliva in the mouth.
• Sublingual Glands: Located under the tongue, they secrete smaller amounts of saliva.

2) Minor Salivary Glands:

• These are scattered throughout the lips, cheeks, palate, and throat, numbering in the hundreds. They are usually tiny and not visible.

Tumors can develop in any of these glands, but they are most commonly found in the parotid glands.

Symptoms: When Should You Be Concerned?

Salivary gland tumors often present as a painless lump or swelling. However, depending on their location and type, they may show different symptoms:

• Parotid Glands: A painless swelling in front of the ear or jaw area. Occasionally, facial numbness or loss of movement may occur.
• Submandibular Glands: Swelling and sometimes pain beneath the jaw. Difficulty swallowing may also occur.
• Sublingual and Minor Glands: Swelling under the tongue or in the floor of the mouth, potentially causing difficulty chewing, swallowing, or speaking.

These symptoms can mimic an infection, so it’s essential to see a doctor if they persist.

Are Tumors Benign or Malignant?

Benign tumors generally grow slowly, do not harm surrounding tissues, and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors, however, may grow rapidly, invade nearby tissues, and, in rare cases, metastasize.

• Benign Tumors: Includes pleomorphic adenomas and Warthin’s tumors, the most common types.
• Malignant Tumors: Rare but include adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

How Is It Diagnosed?

Diagnosis begins with evaluating symptoms. Your doctor may use several methods to confirm the diagnosis:

1) Physical Examination
The doctor will manually check the face, jaw, and neck for lumps or abnormal swelling.

2) Imaging Techniques

• Ultrasound: Provides information about the size and location of the tumor.
• MRI: Offers a detailed view of the tumor’s relationship with surrounding tissues.
• CT Scan: Assesses the tumor’s connection to bones or other structures.

3) Biopsy
A small tissue sample is taken using a needle and analyzed in a lab. In some cases, a definitive diagnosis is made during surgery when tissue samples are collected.

Treatment Options

Treatment for salivary gland tumors depends on the tumor’s type, size, and location. The primary goal is to remove the tumor completely while preserving functionality.

1) Surgery
Surgery is the most common treatment for salivary gland tumors:

• Parotid Glands: Tumors and surrounding tissues are removed without damaging the facial nerve. Larger or malignant tumors may require removing the entire parotid gland.
• Submandibular and Sublingual Glands: The entire gland is often removed in most cases.
• Minor Glands: Surgery is performed delicately depending on the tumor’s location.

2) Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy may be used after surgery to destroy remaining cancer cells. It can also be used as a standalone treatment if surgery is not possible.

Post-Surgical Recovery

Recovery after surgery depends on the tumor’s size and the extent of the operation. Post-surgical symptoms may include:

• Swelling in the face or neck.
• Temporary numbness or movement loss (facial palsy).
• Mild pain or tenderness.

Most patients return to daily activities within a few weeks with the help of physical therapy and regular follow-ups.

Risks of Untreated Tumors

Untreated benign tumors may grow and put pressure on surrounding tissues. Malignant tumors pose more severe risks as they can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

When Should You See a Doctor?

Seek medical attention immediately if you notice the following:

• A painless lump in the jaw, neck, or face area.
• Loss of movement or numbness in the face.
• Persistent discomfort or open sores in the mouth.

Conclusion

Although salivary gland tumors may seem daunting, they can be effectively managed with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Recognizing the symptoms and consulting a doctor for necessary evaluations is crucial. As an informed patient, discuss your treatment options openly with your doctor to make the best decisions for your health. Remember, knowledge is the first step toward recovery.