Middle Ear Infection: Otitis Media in Adults
Middle ear infection, medically known as otitis media, is an infection that occurs behind the eardrum. This infection can develop after conditions such as allergies, colds, sore throat, or respiratory infections, which cause fluid buildup in the middle ear.
Although middle ear infections are more common in children, they can also occur in adults. However, ear infections in adults may indicate more serious problems compared to children. Therefore, additional tests may be required for adults with such infections. If you suspect an ear infection, it is important to consult a healthcare professional.
Types of Middle Ear Infection
Middle ear infections can present in different forms. These types of infections include:
- Acute Otitis Media (AOM): This infection begins suddenly and usually causes swelling and redness. Fluid and mucus accumulate in the infected ear, leading to fever and ear pain.
- Chronic Otitis Media with Effusion (OME): In this case, after the infection resolves, fluid (effusion) and mucus continue to accumulate in the middle ear. This condition can last for months and may have negative effects on hearing. In adults with unilateral and prolonged fluid buildup in the middle ear, a thorough examination of the nasopharynx (throat area) is necessary. This may be a sign of nasopharyngeal cancer.
Who is More Likely to Have Middle Ear Infection in Adults?
Certain factors can increase the risk of developing a middle ear infection:
- Smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke
- Suffering from seasonal or chronic allergies
- Having a cold or upper respiratory tract infection
What Causes Middle Ear Infection in Adults?
The middle ear is connected to the throat by a channel called the Eustachian tube. This tube helps balance the pressure between the outer and inner ear. A cold or allergy can irritate this tube or cause swelling in the surrounding tissues. As a result, fluid accumulates in the middle ear, and bacteria or viruses can grow in the fluid, causing infection. Nasopharyngeal cancer should also be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Symptoms of Middle Ear Infection in Adults
Common symptoms of middle ear infection in adults include:
- Pain in one or both ears
- Discharge from the ear
- Hearing loss or muffled hearing
- Sore throat
Rarely, symptoms such as high fever, severe pain behind the ear, or facial paralysis may occur. If you experience these symptoms, you should consult a healthcare professional immediately.
How is Middle Ear Infection Diagnosed?
Your healthcare provider will take a detailed medical history and conduct a physical examination. Typically, a device called an otoscope is used to inspect your outer ear and eardrum. If there is insufficient movement of the eardrum, fluid may have accumulated in the middle ear.
Additionally, a test called tympanometry may be performed. This test assesses the functioning of the middle ear and detects pressure changes.
How Are Middle Ear Infections Treated?
The treatment method depends on the type of infection and usually includes:
- Antibiotics: These may be taken orally or as ear drops.
- Pain Relievers: These can be used to alleviate pain.
- Decongestants, antihistamines, or nasal sprays: These can help keep the Eustachian tube open.
Middle Ear Tube in Adults (Myringotomy and Ventilation Tube Placement)
Sometimes, despite antibiotic treatment after the infection, fluid buildup in the middle ear may persist. In this case, your doctor may recommend a myringotomy surgery. During this procedure, a hole is made in the eardrum, fluid is drained from the ear, and a small tube is placed in the eardrum. This tube prevents fluid accumulation, reduces pressure, and corrects hearing problems.
The tube typically falls out on its own within a few months. However, such an intervention is rarely needed in adults.
In Summary
Middle ear infections can lead to serious complications if left untreated. If your symptoms worsen or do not improve, it is important to consult an ear, nose, and throat specialist. Adopting healthy habits and reducing environmental risk factors can help prevent these types of infections.
