Ranula is a fluid-filled cyst that develops on the floor of the mouth, particularly under the tongue. It usually occurs due to the blockage of the ducts of the sublingual salivary gland. Most of the time, it is painless and does not pose a serious health risk. However, if it grows, it may interfere with functions such as swallowing, speaking, or chewing.

What Are the Symptoms of Ranula?

Ranula typically presents with the following symptoms:

• Swelling and a soft mass formation under the tongue or on the floor of the mouth.
• A mild feeling of fullness or discomfort due to pressure.
• Larger ranulas may cause difficulty in swallowing and speaking.
• If the ranula extends into deeper tissues (plunging ranula), swelling may also appear in the neck.

What Causes Ranula?

The primary cause of ranula is the blockage of a salivary gland duct. The inability of saliva to flow normally leads to fluid accumulation and cyst formation. Factors contributing to this condition include:

• Obstruction of salivary ducts: Congenital anatomical differences or obstructions developed over time can cause ranula.
• Trauma: Injuries inside the mouth may disrupt the function of salivary glands, leading to fluid buildup.
• Infections: Inflammation in the salivary glands can cause blockages.
• Surgical interventions: Previous oral surgeries or dental procedures may contribute to ranula formation.

How Is Ranula Treated?

Treatment varies depending on the size of the ranula and the discomfort it causes the patient:

• Observation and Monitoring: Small and asymptomatic ranulas may resolve on their own over time. A doctor may monitor growth periodically.
• Marsupialization: The cyst is opened to allow the fluid to drain. This method is effective for small ranulas but may sometimes recur.
• Removal of the Sublingual Gland: For larger or recurrent ranulas, complete removal of the affected salivary gland from the mouth may be necessary.
• Needle Aspiration: Fluid is drained from the cyst to provide temporary relief. However, this method usually does not offer a permanent solution, as the ranula may refill.

What Happens If Ranula Is Left Untreated?

If left untreated, a ranula may grow over time, causing more discomfort in the mouth. Large ranulas can:

• Make chewing and swallowing difficult.
• Cause speech difficulties.
• Lead to secondary infections.
• Spread to larger areas (plunging ranula).

Therefore, early intervention is important when symptoms appear.

When Should You See a Doctor?

If you notice an abnormal swelling inside your mouth or a mass under your tongue, you should see a doctor without delay. Early diagnosis facilitates the treatment process and prevents potential complications.

Although ranula is not usually a serious health issue, it can become uncomfortable if it grows. If you experience symptoms, consulting a specialist is the best step to protect your oral health.